Reciprocity as the Third Principle of Defensive Ethics
This article develops the Principle of Reciprocity, the third pillar of Defensive Ethics. Reciprocity shows how shared moral standing becomes action-guiding: it requires agents to adjust their conduct in response to the shifting realities of others whose agency is equal in worth and vulnerability. Through two case studies, the article demonstrates how reciprocity legitimizes defensive intervention when properly calibrated—and how defensive legitimacy collapses when force exceeds what changing conditions can justify.














